Journal of Anesthesiology and Pain

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Aim and Background: Headache is one of the most common complaints of patients and it has different causes .Migraine and Tension headaches are among the most common types of headache. Depression, sleep problems and low resilience are much more seen in patients with migraine and tension-type headaches. Methods and Materials: This is a case-control study the studied sample consists of 44 patients with tensiontype headache diagnosis, and 42 patients with migraine headache selected among those referred to Headache clinics and clinics in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in Iran. Also 43 healthy individuals matched with the other two groups according to age, gender and educational level were included.The Beck depression scale, Pittsburgh sleep quality index and Connor resilience scale were used. Data were analyzed using multivariable analysis of variance (MANOVA). Findings: There were significant differences in depression, sleep quality, and resilience mean scores between both groups of patients (migraine and tension-type headaches) with healthy individuals (P< 0.01). Mean depression score and sleep quality in patients with migraine headache were higher than the other two groups (2/41 ± 18/80 for depression and 3/30 ± 12/33 for sleep quality). Mean resilience in patients with migraine headache was lower than the other group of patients and the control group (3/04 ± 35/80). Conclusions: Considering significant correlation between migraine and tension type headache (TTH) with depression, sleep problems and low resilience evaluation of psychological aspect of these patients is necessary for quick treatment. Keywords: Depression, Sleep Quality, Resilience, Migraine Type Headaches, Tension-type Headache

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Aims and background: As shown in many studies, one of the most important reasons for headaches in individuals is their tendency to self-criticism. Discovering some protective factors in order to moderate this tendency, thus, can be one of the important goals of health psychology research. Therefore, the current study aimed at investigating the relationship between self-compassion and self-criticism in women suffering from tension headaches using structural equation modeling.
Material & Methods: To do so, 110 women with tension-type headaches were selected through purposeful sampling from psychiatric and neurological clinics and specialized headache centers in Isfahan, and were asked to respond to self-compassion and self-criticism questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed using the structural equation modeling (SEM) on Amos and SPSS software programs.
Findings: The results revealed that the presented model fitted the data well. There were negative relationships between positive components of self-compassion (self-kindness, common human humanity, and mindfulness) and self-criticism. On the other hand, there were positive relationships between the negative components of self-compassion (self-judgment, isolation, and over-identification) and self-criticism. The findings showed the research model was appropriately presented.
Conclusions‌‌‌: Therefore, based on the results obtained from the present research, it can be concluded that self-compassion as a protective factor can have a significant impact on self-criticism in women with tension-type headaches.

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Aims and background: Distress tolerance is an important psychological phenomenon which affects self-regulation processes including cognitive appraisal of emotional or physical states. Given that individuals with tension-type headaches are most likely to have low levels of distress tolerance, the evaluation of this variable is, therefore, very essential as the initial step of treatment in this population. The present research aimed at evaluating the psychometric properties of the Persian version of Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) in women suffering from tension-type headaches in Isfahan.
Material & Methods: The research method was a cross-sectional validation study of 110 women with tension-type headaches in Isfahan in 2019. The research population was selected through purposful sampling method. In order to analyze the psychometric properties of DTS, Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability, convergent validity, and confirmatory factor analysis were used.
Findings:: The results showed that the overall Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability values for DTS were 0.96 and 090, respectively. The convergent validity was obtained as 0.590, suggesting a reasonably good convergent validity for DTS. Furthermore, the one-factor structure of DTS was supported by confirmatory factor analysis.
Conclusions: The findings revealed acceptable validity and reliability of DTS. Thus, DTS can be used as a research and clinical tool among women with tension-type headaches.

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Aim and Background: Examining fear of negative evaluation as one of psychological causes in headaches is important. The aim of the present study was to investigate validation and psychometric properties of the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (BFNES, Leary, 1983) in a group of women with tension-type headaches.
Methods and Materials: A total of 110 women with tension-type headaches in Isfahan in the year of 2019 were selected through purposeful sampling method, and responded to BFNES.‌‌‌ To examine validity and reliability of the scale, convergent validity and confirmatory factor analysis and internal consistency method, the split-half validity and mixed validity were used, respectively‌‌‌.‌‌‌ Data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software‌‌‌.
Findings: Cronbach's alpha, mixed and split-half coefficients for BFNES were 0‌‌‌.97, 0‌‌‌.94 and 0‌‌‌.86, respectively. The index of convergent validity of the scale was obtained as 0‌‌‌. 81. Furthermore, the results of factor analysis showed that all items had a high factor load more than 0‌‌‌.40, and the single-factor structure of BFNES fitted well with the data.
Conclusions‌‌‌: The Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale showed good psychometric properties clinical and research purposes in women with tension-type headaches‌‌‌.