Journal of Anesthesiology and Pain

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 Aims and background: The low back pain is a highly prevalent in all societies, with the majority of people experiencing back pain at least once in their lifetime. If a definite diagnosis of low back pain is not detectable by recent radiological instruments, it is classified as chronic low back pain. This study evaluates the relationship between pain and functional disability with the level of activity of the trunk muscles and comparison the activity of these muscles in men and women. Materials and methods: forty-seven strength-training athletes (25 female, 22 male) with non-specific chronic low back pain were selected to participate in this study. Surface electromyography device was used to record the activity of Multifidus muscle, Erector Spine, Transverse abdominal, Rectus abdominis. All statical analyses were performed using SPSS statical sotware version 20 and Pearson correlation method to determine the relationship between pain and functional disability with muscle activity and independent t-test to compare the activity of these muscles in men and women, and the significant level was set at 0.05. Findings: The results of Pearson correlation showed that there was a reverse and significant correlation between local trunk muscle activity and pain and functional disability, and there was no significant difference in the level of local and trunk global trunk muscle activity between men and women with chronic low back pain (p>0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the activity of local muscles decreased and as a results pain and functional disability increased in low back pain patient. This situation leads to spinal instability. Therefore, local muscles should be strengthened in rehabilitation process.

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 Delirium is a common postoperative complication in adolescence patients and is associated with increased costs, morbidity and mortality. Recently, an association between the occurrence of delirium and increased risk of dementia has been revealed. Several risk factors have been found to be related with the development of postoperative delirium. However, the three strategies include monitoring depth of anesthesia, adequate pain assessment and treatment, immediately diagnosing postoperative delirium are highly recommended.

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 Aims and background: LBP is one of the major costly health problems in many developed and developing countries which has many economic and social impacts. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect and duration of eight weeks of core stability and Pilates exercises on sensory function, quality of life and pain in women with nonspecific chronic low back pain. Materials and methods: Using a purposive and accessible sampling method, 30 individuals were selected randomly and divided into three groups of 10 patients with Pilates training, central stability training, and control group. Before the beginning of exercise protocols, quality of life questionnaire was completed and pain and sensory function measurements were performed. After eight weeks and one month thereafter, assessments were repeated, as in the pre-test steps. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to evaluate the results. The significance level was considered P ≤ 0.05. Findings: Pilates exercises and central stability had a significant effect on a visual pain scale, sensory function, and quality of life in patients with nonspecific chronic low back pain. The sensory function was maintained in the central stability training group after one month. Conclusion: Pilates exercises and central stability had a significant effect on a visual pain scale, sensory function, and quality of life in patients with nonspecific chronic low back pain. The sensory function was maintained in the central stability training group after one month.

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 Aims and background: Chronic low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common and costly musculoskeletal disorders in societies that have been suggested for many therapies. Exercise therapy is one of the most widely used methods in control and treatment of chronic low back pain. The purpose of the present study is to systematically review English-language studies that have investigated the effect of different exercise methods on some of the negative factors associated with non-specific chronic low back pain. Materials and methods: Searches were conducted from 2008 to 2019 years from databases of google scholar, Since Direct, PubMed, PsycINFO, using keywords including Exercise therapy, Corrective Exercise, Chronic Low Back Pain. Studies investigating the effect of different methods of exercise therapy on pain relief and disability in patients with chronic low back pain were included. PEDro scale was used to check the quality of articles. Findings: Out of 48 articles, 10 articles with 668 subjects met the inclusion criteria. These studies have mainly focused on the effect of core stability, and Pilates exercises on variables of pain, functional disability in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain. In this study, the positive effect of stability exercises and Pilates was documented. Conclusions: It seems that core stability and Pilates training methods are effective interventions in the rehabilitation of non-specific chronic low back pain.

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Background and objective: According to high prevalence of nonspecific chronic low back pain and its consequences on daily activities and lifestyle, it seems to be effective to treat and prevent injury by studying about new approaches and physical therapy. However, the most effective method for performing the exercise therapy has not been identified so far. The main purpose of this study was to compare the effects of stability training alone and combination with pain education on pain and function and proprioception in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain.
Methods: current study method was semi experimental. Fourty five women with non-specific chronic low back pain were divided in to 3 groups, stability training with pain education (n=15), stability training without pain education (n=15) and control (n=15). The training groups completed training 3 times a week for 6 weeks; training lasted 45 min in each session. pain, disability and lumbopelvic proprioception respectively were measured by using visual analogue scale, the Oswestry questionnaire and universal goniometer. In order to analyze the within group differences, paired sample T-test was used and, to check the between group differences, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was applied in SPSS version 20 (α≤0.05).
Results: Both training interventions was affective on pain, disability, and lumbopelvic proprioception. Also, there was significant between-group difference in two experimental groups on the dependent variables, while, differences in the control group was not significant.
Conclusion: Findings revealed that both (stability training alone and combination with pain edication) groups has improvement in reducing pain, disability, and lumbopelvic propriception. Regarding the improvement of the measured variables in the two training groups, it is suggested that a combination of these exercises be used in the treatment of patients with non-specific chronic low back pain in future.

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Purpose: Neck pain is one of the most common problems in human societies. There are many factors involved in the etiology of neck pain, and cognitive problems related to pain are among the most important factors involved for non-specific neck pain. ‎The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of functional cognitive training on the pain intensity, disability and Kinesiophobia in people with non-specific chronic neck pain.
Methods: The present study was a clinical trial study with one intervention group and one control group. In this clinical trial study, 24 patients with chronic neck pain were randomly divided into two ‎groups of Cognitive Functional Exercise (n=12) and Control (n=12). ‎‎ The variables of pain intensity, disability and Kinesiophobia ‎ were evaluated before and immediately after six weeks of cognitive exercises by Visual Analog Scale, neck disability questionnaire and Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, respectively. Data were analyzed using Repeated Measures ANOVA and paired t-test. ‎
Results: Comparing the two groups after treatment, there was a significant difference in pain intensity (P = 0.001), disability index (P = 0.001) and Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (P = 0.001) was observed, so that in the intervention group in all factors a significant decrease was observed. Also, the results of the T-pair test showed that there is a significant difference in the group of intervention before and after the test in all variables (P = 0.001). But there was no significant difference for the control group.
Conclusion: The findings showed that the intervention of functional cognitive exercises improves pain, disability and Kinesiophobia in people with chronic neck pain, so it is suggested that functional cognitive exercises can be used as a complementary method in improving individuals with non-specific chronic neck pain.

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Background and purpose: Chronic neck pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders. Many studies have reported the effect of exercise on pain, but given the increase in neck arch, hyperkyphosis, and scapular function that are associated with pain-related postural changes, it seems that the study of pain changes with forward head posture, hyper-kyphosis, and The purpose of the present study was to review the study of the effect of exercise therapy on pain and head angle and hyperkyphosis and scapular function in people with chronic neck pain.
Materials and Methods: Search with related keywords was done in all years and in PEDRO, PubMed, Google Scholar, Noormags, Magiran, Trip Database databases. Studies investigating the effect of various types of exercise interventions on pain and Forward head angle, hyperkyphosis and scapular function in people with chronic neck pain were included in the study. The PEDro scale was used to evaluate the quality of selected articles.
Results: 97 studies were reviewed, of which five studies with inclusion criteria (score higher than 5 on the Pedro scale) were selected for review. There were many differences in the methodology, the main index being evaluated, the number of samples, the method of implementation, the method of evaluating the variables, etc. in the studies. In people with chronic neck pain, exercise reduced pain, forward angle and correction of neck deformity. And studies that showed a reduction in the forward angle and correction of anomalies after exercise had a greater reduction in neck pain.
Conclusion: It seems that exercise can reduce the pain associated with abnormalities in people with chronic neck pain.

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Background and Objectives: Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) is one of the most important risk factors for overhead-throwing athletes and adversely affects the biomechanics of the Glenohumeral joint during overhead-throwing motions. The aim of this study was to review all the articles performed in the field on the effect of corrective exercises on pain, function, proprioception, and muscle activity in people with GIRD
Materials and Methods: Reputable domestic and external electronic databases such as Sid, Magiran, Noormags, Science Direct, Google Scholar, PubMed, Trip Database, and Scopus were searched in all years through relevant keywords. A total of 444 studies were reviewed, of which 7 articles were accepted based on inclusion and exclusion criteria’s. The PEDro scale was used to evaluate the quality of selected articles.
Results: 2 examined the effect of stretching exercises, 2 examined the effect of rotator cuff exercises, 1 examined the effect of throwing exercises augmented, 1 examined the effect of facial manipulation, and 1 compared the effects of Kinesio Taping and stretching in people with GIRD. The results suggested that corrective exercises were effective in reducing pain and improving function, proprioception, and muscle activity in people with GIRD.
Conclusion: A corrective exercises proposed to improve muscle activity, function, and proprioception and reduce pain in people with GIRD.
 

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Abstract
Background and Objectives: Changes in bone position and scapular movements affect shoulder function and can lead to scapular dyskinesia. The purpose of this validity review article was to evaluate the effect of scapular stabilization exercises on pain and motor function in patients with scapular dyskinesia.
Materials and Methods: Search with related keywords in all years and in Magiran, Google Scholar, Elmnet and PEDRO websites with keywords Scapular Stabilization exercise, Scapular-focused exercise, Scapular Dyskinesia, Motor function, Pain, Kinematics and scapular position was performed. Studies investigating the effect of scapular stabilization exercises on scapular dyskinesia were included in the study. PEDro scale was used to evaluate the quality of imported articles.
Results: Thirty studies were reviewed, of which five studies that had inclusion criteria (score higher than 5 on the Pedro scale) were selected for review. There were many differences in the methodology, the main index to be evaluated, the number of samples, the method of implementation, the method of evaluating the variables, etc. in the studies. In people with dyskinesia, stabilizing exercise reduces pain and improves motor function.
Conclusion: The results of previous studies showed that scapular stabilization exercises improve scapular dyskinesia.
 

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Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of online yoga exercises on pain, functional disability and functional tests of the torso and lumbar in middle-aged women with nonspecific chronic low back pain in the Covid 19 pandemic.
Methods: The research was quasi-experimental and applied study. Thirty women with nonspecific chronic low back pain in the age range of 35 to 55 years were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria as a sample and its were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. In order to measure the variable of pain from the Visual Analog Scale, functional disability from the self-reported questionnaire of Oswestry, ITOO tests for functional tests of the torso and the functional scale of the lumbar were used. Eight weeks of yoga exercises were done online. Data were analyzed by paired t-test and analysis of covariance at the significant level of P≤0.05.
Results: The results showed a significant effect of the online yoga exercises on the variables of pain intensity, functional disability, lumbar executive scale, endurance of flexor and extensor trunk muscles of the experimental group (P≤0.05) and also there was a significant difference on the results of post-test research variables between the two groups (P≤0.05).
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, in relation to the effect of online yoga exercises in improving non-specific chronic low back pain, the use of this type of exercises is recommended in corrective exercises and movement therapy clinics.
 

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Backgrund: Nowadays, core stability exercises are very important for performance enhancement, injury prevention and post-injury rehabilitation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of selected core stability exercises on lumbar curvature and functional movement screening test of women with lower crossed syndrome in Covid Pandemic 19.
Methods: The present study is a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design. The statistical population of the study was women aged 20 to 30 years (12 people) and 40 to 50 years (12 people) in Mashhad. The subjects' lordosis arch was examined with a flexible ruler and angles greater than 30 degrees were selected as hyperlordosis. Then FMS test was performed. Both groups performed selected core stability exercises for 6 weeks. Lumbar curvature and FMS test were measured at the end of 6 weeks of training intervention. Paired t-test was used to evaluate the effect of central stability exercises on two groups of 20-30 and 40-50 years. Also, analysis of covariance was used to compare the effect of central stability exercises between the two groups of 20-30 and 40-50 years.
Results: The results showed a significant reduction in the lordosis angle of women in both groups after six weeks of selected core stabilization exercises (P<0/05). Also, the results obtained from FMS test showed a significant improvement in this test in both groups after six weeks of training intervention (P<0/05). The effect of central stability exercises on both groups of 20-30 and 40-50 years of age was similar for both lordosis variables and FMS test.
Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, performing core stability exercises can play an important role in reducing lordosis angle and correcting dysfunctional movement patterns and improving performance. And because they do not require a long time in each training session, they can be used continuously throughout life, it can also be run at home due to the spread of the Corona virus. Therefore, this protocol can be used as an alternative to bulky and time-consuming exercises.
 

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Introduction: Aim of the present study was to compare the effect of pilates and core
stability exercises on diastasis recti, pain, functional disability and quality of life of
primiparous mothers with nonspecific low back pain.
Methodology: A total of 20 primiparous mothers between the ages of 20 and 30
were included in the study based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. At the pre-test
stage, subject's diastasis recti, pain, functional disability and quality of life were
assessed by ultrasound device, VAS visual scale, Oswestery questionnaire and
SF36 questionnaire, respectively. Subjects in exercise groups then performed their
respective exercises for 8 weeks. At the end of 8 weeks, all study variables were
examined again in the post-test stage. Two-way analysis of variance was used to
statistically analyze the research findings at a significance level of P≤0.05.
Findings: The results of two-way analysis of variance showed that in both training
groups, the variables of diastasis recti, pain, functional disability and quality of life of
the subjects in the post-test improved significantly compared to the pre-test. Also,
the results of two-way analysis of variance showed that in the post-test stage, there
is no significant difference between the mean of the studied variables between the
two training groups.
Discussion: Pilates and core stability exercises due to ongoing stimulation of sub-
maximal contractions and correction of movement patterns by invoking and
increasing the strength and coordination of the body's core stabilizer muscles, plays
a significant role in improving diastasis recti, pain, function and quality of life in
primiparous mothers with nonspecific low back pain.

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Abstract

Background: Low back pain is one of the most common problems among pregnant women and requires further investigation and design of effective interventions. Therefore, the present study investigated the effect of adding breathing exercises to comprehensive exercises in water and dry land on lumbo-pelvic pain. pain, functional disability, SFMA scores in pregnant women during lumbo-pelvic pain.

Methods: A total of 60 pregnant women with lumbo-pelvic pain were randomly divided into two groups: breathing exercises with on-land training (30 people) and breathing exercises with water training (30 people) and performed 14 weeks of training. Measured variables included pain, functional disability, SFMA scores were examined in the pretest and posttest.

Results: Intra-group results in pain, functional disability, and SFMA variables showed significant results after 8 weeks of treatment in both groups (P<0.001). No significant difference was seen between the two exercise interventions in improving pain (p=0.91), functional disability (p=0.77) and SFMA (p=0.53).

Conclusion: Adding breathing exercises to water and land exercises can improve pain, functional disability, and SFMA scores variables in pregnant women with lumbo-pelvic pain.
Key Words: Pregnancy, lumbo-pelvic pain, breathing Exercise, Function



 

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Background: Chronic back pain is one of the most common chronic pains which various methods have been proposed to manage and reduce pain, including participating in sports rehabilitation programs. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of specialized yoga exercises on pain, functional capacity and range of motion of women with non-specific chronic back pain.
methods: The statistical sample was 50 women suffering from non-specific chronic low back pain in Amol city, who were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental groups (25 people) and control group (25 people). The tools used in this research were McGill Pain Questionnaire, 6-minute fast walking functional test and waist flexion range measurement by Kinovea software before and 48 hours after the last session of yoga exercises. The experimental group performed specialized yoga exercises for 24 sessions of 60 minutes. The research design was a pre-test-post-test with a control group, and univariate covariance analysis (ANCOA) was used to analyze the data.
Results: The obtained results showed that this yoga training program can reduce the pain of women with chronic low back pain (p≤ 0.05) and improve functional capacity (p ≤ 0.001) and increase the range of motion of the back (p ≤ 0.001).
Conclusion: Due to the simultaneous use of mental and strengthening exercises, specialized yoga exercises can improve psychological factors such as fear of movement, fear of pain, and subsequently improve the range of motion of the back and improve the functional capacity of patients.