منابع:
1. Akkaya T, Ozkan D. Chronic post-surgical pain.
Agri. 2009;21(1):1-9.
2. Busch CA, Shore BJ, Bhandari R, Ganapathy S,
MacDonald SJ, Bourne RB, et al. Efficacy of periarticular multimodal drug
injection in total knee arthroplastyA randomized trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006 May;88(5):959-63.
3. Parvataneni HK, Shah VP, Howard H, Cole N,
Ranawat AS, Ranawat CS. Controlling pain after total hip and knee arthroplasty
using a multimodal protocol with local periarticular injections: a prospective
randomized study. J
Arthroplasty. 2007 Sep;22(6 Suppl 2):33-8. Epub 2007 Jul 26.
4. Bang SR, Yu SK, Kim TH. Can gabapentin help
reduce postoperative pain in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair? A prospective,
randomized, double-blind study. Arthroscopy. 2010 Sep;26(9 Suppl):S106-11.
5. Hassan W, Inam M, Satar A, Arif M.
Postoperative Analgesia With Tramadol in Orthopedic Surgery: Continuous
Infusion Versus Repetitive Bolus Administration. JSP.
2012;17:4.
6. Daniels S, Melson T, Hamilton DA, Lang E, Carr
DB. Analgesic Efficacy and Safety of a Novel Injectable Formulation of
Diclofenac Compared With Intravenous Ketorolac and Placebo After Orthopedic
Surgery: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blinded, Multiple-dose TrialClin J Pain. 2013 Aug;29(8):655-63.
7. Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, Jenkinson C,
Reynolds DJM, Gavaghan DJ, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of
randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996 Feb;17(1):1-12.
8. Jüni P, Witschi A, Bloch R, Egger M. The
hazards of scoring the quality of clinical trials for meta-analysis The
hazards of scoring the quality of clinical trials for meta-analysis. JAMA: the
journal of the American Medical Association. 1999;282(11):1054-60.
9. Lewis C, Gunta K, Mitchell K, Bobay K.
Effectiveness of Multimodal Pain Management Protocol in Total Knee Arthroplasty
Patients. Orthop Nurs. 2012 May-Jun;31(3):153-9.
10. Al-Sukhun
J, Al-Sukhun S, Penttilä H, Ashammakhi N, Al-Sukhun R. Preemptive analgesic
effect of low doses of celecoxib is superior to low doses of traditional
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Craniofac Surg. 2012 Mar;23(2):526-9.
11. Boonriong T, Tangtrakulwanich B, Glabglay P,
Nimmaanrat S. Comparing etoricoxib and celecoxib for preemptive analgesia for
acute postoperative pain in patients undergoing arthroscopic anterior cruciate
ligament reconstruction: a randomized controlled trial. BMC musculoskeletal
disorders. 2010;11(1):246.
12. Huang Y-M, Wang C-M, Wang C-T, Lin W-P, Horng
L-C, Jiang C-C. Perioperative celecoxib administration for pain management
after total knee arthroplasty–A randomized, controlled study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2008 Jun 3;9:77.
13. Reuben
SS, Ekman EF, Charron D. Evaluating the Analgesic Efficacy of Administering
Celecoxib as a Component of Multimodal Analgesia for Outpatient Anterior
Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Surgery: Retracted. Anesth Analg. 2007 Jul;105(1):222-7.
14. Goodman SB. Multimodal analgesia for orthopedic
procedures. Anesth Analg. 2007
Jul;105(1):19-20.
15. Geze S, Ulusoy H, Ertürk E, Cekic B, Arduc C.
Comparison of Local Anesthetic Mixtures with Tramadol or Fentanyl for Axillary
Plexus Block in Orthopaedic Upper Extremity Surgery. Eur J Gen Med.
2012;9(2):118-23.
16. McQuay H, Edwards J. Meta-analysis of single
dose oral tramadol plus acetaminophen in acute postoperative pain. Eur J
Anaesthesiol Suppl. 2003;28:19-22.
17.Lanzetta
A, Vizzardi M, Letizia G, Martorana U, Sanfilippo A, Osti L, et al.
Intramuscular tramadol versus ketorolac in patients with orthopedic and
traumatologic postoperative pain: a comparative multicenter trial. Current
therapeutic research. 1998;59(1):39-47.
18. Ebneshahidi A, Akbari M, Mohseni M, Heshmati B,
Aghadavoudi O. Efficacy and safety of morphine versus methadone for
patient-controlled analgesia: A randomized clinical trial. J Res Med Sci 2012;
17(Spec 1): S8-S12.
19. Gottschalk A, Durieux ME, Nemergut EC.
Intraoperative methadone improves postoperative pain control in patients
undergoing complex spine surgery. Anesth Analg. 2011;112(1):218-23.
20. Gourlay GK, Pharm B, Willis RJ, Wilson PR.
Postoperative pain control with methadone: influence of supplementary methadone
doses and blood concentration-response relationships. Anesthesiology.
1984;61(1):19-26.
21. Gourlay GK, Wilson PR, Glynn CJ.
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of methadone during the perioperative
period. Anesthesiology. 1982;57(6):458-67.
22. Cucchiaro G, Ganesh A. The effects of clonidine
on postoperative analgesia after peripheral nerve blockade in children. Anesth
Analg. 2007;104(3):532-7.
23. Wu CL, Cohen SR, Richman JM, Rowlingson AJ,
Courpas GE, Cheung K, et al. Efficacy of postoperative patient-controlled and
continuous infusion epidural analgesia versus intravenous patient-controlled
analgesia with opioids: a meta-analysis. Anesthesiology. 2005;103(5):1079-88.
24. Casati A, Santorsola R, Aldegheri G, Ravasi F,
Fanelli G, Berti M, et al. Intraoperative epidural anesthesia and postoperative
analgesia with levobupivacaine for major orthopedic surgery: a double-blind,
randomized comparison of racemic bupivacaine and ropivacaine. J CLIN ANESTH.
2003;15(2):126-31.
25. Block BM, Liu SS, Rowlingson AJ, Cowan AR,
Cowan Jr JA, Wu CL. Efficacy of postoperative epidural analgesia. JAMA. 2003;290(18):2455-63.
26. Murdoch JA, Dickson UK, Wilson PA, Berman JS,
Gad-Elrab RR, Scott NB. The efficacy and safety of three concentrations of
levobupivacaine administered as a continuous epidural infusion in patients
undergoing orthopedic surgery. Anesth Analg.
2002;94(2):438-44.
27. Singelyn FJ, Gouverneur J-MA. Postoperative
analgesia after total hip arthroplasty: iv PCA with morphine,
patient-controlled epidural analgesia, or continuous “3-in-1” block?: a
prospective evaluation by our acute pain service in more than 1,300 patients. J
CLIN ANESTH. 1999;11(7):550-4.
28. Kopacz DJ, Sharrock NE, Allen HW. A comparison
of levobupivacaine 0.125%, fentanyl 4 μg/mL, or their combination for
patient-controlled epidural analgesia after major orthopedic surgery. Anesth
Analge. 1999;89(6):1497-.
29. Singelyn FJ, Deyaert Ma, Joris D, Pendeville E,
Gouverneur J. Effects of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with
morphine, continuous epidural analgesia, and continuous three-in-one block on
postoperative pain and knee rehabilitation after unilateral total knee arthroplasty.
Anesth Analg. 1998;87(1):88-92.
30. Liu SS, Allen HW, Olsson GL. Patient‐controlled
epidural analgesia with bupivacaine and fentanyl on hospital wards: prospective
experience with 1,030 surgical patients. Anesthesiology.1998;88(3):688-95.
31. Bernard J-M, Kick O, Bonnet F. Comparison of
intravenous and epidural clonidine for postoperative patient-controlled analgesia.
Anesth Analg.1995;81(4):706-12.
32. Ward JP, Albert DB, Altman R, Goldstein RY,
Cuff G, Youm T. Are Femoral Nerve Blocks Effective for Early Postoperative Pain
Management After Hip Arthroscopy? Arthroscopy. 2012 Aug;28(8):1064-9
33. Chan M-H, Chen W-H, Tung Y-W, Liu K, Tan P-H,
Chia Y-Y. Single-injection femoral nerve block lacks preemptive effect on
postoperative pain and morphine consumption in total knee arthroplasty. Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan. 2012 Jun;50(2):54-8.
34. Ganapathy S, Wasserman RA, Watson JT, Bennett
J, Armstrong KP, Stockall CA, et al. Modified continuous femoral three-in-one
block for postoperative pain after total knee arthroplasty. Anesth Analg.
1999;89(5):1197-.
35. Yamaguchi K, Sethi N, Bauer GS. Postoperative
pain control following arthroscopic release of adhesive capsulitis. Arthroscopy.2002;18(4):359-65.
36. Yuenyongviwat V, Pornrattanamaneewong C,
Chinachoti T, Chareancholvanich K. Periarticular Injection with Bupivacaine for
Postoperative Pain Control in Total Knee Replacement: A Prospective Randomized
Double-Blind Controlled Trial. Adv Orthop. 2012;2012:107309.
37. McCarthy D, Iohom G. Local infiltration
analgesia for postoperative pain control following total hip arthroplasty: a
systematic review Anesthesiol Res Pract. 2012;2012:709531.
38. Koh IJ, Chang CB, Seo ES, Kim SJ, Seong SC, Kim
TK. Pain management by periarticular multimodal drug injection after anterior
cruciate ligament reconstruction: a randomized, controlled study. Arthroscopy
2012;28(5):649-57.
39. Bono JV, Robbins CE, Mehio AK, Aghazadeh M,
Talmo CT. Pharmacologic pain management before and after total joint
replacement of the hip and knee. Clin Geriatr Med. 2012 Aug;28(3):459-70.
40. Chung MS, Roh YH, Baek GH, Lee YH, Rhee SH,
Gong HS. Evaluation of early postoperative pain and the effectiveness of
perifracture site injections following volar plating for distal radius
fractures. J Hand Surg Am. 2010
Nov;35(11):1787-94.
41. Khanna M, Peters C, Singh JR. Treating Pain
With the Lidocaine Patch 5% After Total Knee Arthroplasty. PM R. 2012 Sep;4(9):642-6.
42. Ediz L, Ceylan MF, Turktas U, Yanmis I, Hiz O.
A randomized controlled trial of electrostimulation effects on effussion,
swelling and pain recovery after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a
pilot study Clin Rehabil. 2012 May;26(5):413-22.
43. Chang L-h, Hsu C-H, Jong G-P, Ho S, Tsay S-l,
Lin K-C. Auricular Acupressure for Managing Postoperative Pain and Knee Motion
in Patients with Total Knee Replacement: A Randomized Sham Control Study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med.
2012;2012:528452.
44. Ciccone
II WJ, Busey TD, Weinstein DM, Walden DL, Elias JJ. Assessment of pain relief
provided by interscalene regional block and infusion pump after arthroscopic
shoulder surgery. Arthroscopy 2008;24(1):14-9.
اشکال و
نمودارها:
تصویر
شماره یک
هرم
مبتنی بر
شواهد
نمودار
شماره یک
نمودار 1) دستورالعمل
کنترل درد حاد
بعد از اعمال جراحی
ارتوپدی در
بیمارستان
بقیهالله
الاعظم