@article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {133-0}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {135-0}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {142-0}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {148-0}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-4-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-4-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {155-0}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {161-0}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-6-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {169-0}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {175-0}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-8-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {180-0}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-9-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-9-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {187-0}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-10-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-10-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Rahimzadeh, Poupak and Faiz, Sayedhamidrez}, title = {Role of memantin, NMDA antagonist, in management of acute and chronic pain}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {Memantin, pain management}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {193-195}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5008-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5008-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Bameshki, Alireza and Jahanbakhsh, Sayedsaeed and Jangjoo, Ali and Zandi, Hanieh and Fathi, Mehdi}, title = {Evaluation of acute postoperative pain and patient satisfaction in laparotomy, cholecystectomy and herniorrhaphy}, abstract ={Aim and Background: Acute post-operative pain is the most frightening aspect of a surgical procedure. This study has been designed to evaluate post-operative pain after common abdominal surgeries, and also to assess patient satisfaction with pain management in the department of surgery in order to understand whether enough attention has been paid to this type of treatment. Methods and Materials: In a prospective cross-sectional study, a questionnaire with 20 items including kind of surgery, intensity of pain using a verbal analogue scale (VAS), type of consumed analgesics and patient satisfaction with post-operative pain management, was given to the patients within 24 hours after surgery. Findings: Participants were 390 patients (56% male and 44% female), with the age range between 10 and 85 years. The average maximum post-operative pain score was 8.2±2 using VAS. Most of the patients (92.3%) were partially or moderately satisfied with the pain relief method, while 7.7% had some degree of dissatisfaction. Methadone was the most commonly administered analgesic. Conclusions: To achieve higher levels of pain control and patient satisfaction we should pay more attention to pain relief and other effective factors such as kind of incision and analgesics.}, Keywords = {Post-Operative Pain, Prevalence, Herniorrhaphy, Cholecystectomy, Laparotomy}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {196-201}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5009-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5009-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Sedighinejad, Abbas and Naderinabi, Bahram and Haghighi, Mohammad and Kord, Alireza and Alizadeh, Mehdi and Karami, Mohammadseddigh and Biazar, Gelare}, title = {Effect of perianal block with bupivacaine on pain after hemorrhoidectomy}, abstract ={Aim and Background: One of the most common surgical procedures is hemorrhoidectomy and pain is a common problem in patients after this surgery. Therefore postoperative pain control could have a significant impact on reducing complications and increasing patients' satisfaction. In this study, the effect of perianal block with bupivacaine on declining pain after hemorrhoidectomy has been studied. Methods and Materials: This study is a double-blind clinical trial in which, patients undergoing hemorrhoidectomy were randomly divided into two groups. The study group received perianal block with bupivacaine 0/25% after surgery and the control group did not recieve any block. In order to assess postoperative pain and nausea-vomiting , VAS and VDS scales were used, respectively. In the meanwhile, the duration of postoperative analgesia and patient satisfaction were evaluated. Findings: The two groups were sigificantly different considering the mean change in pain score (based on VAS ), the average amount of pethidine recieved, the rate of post-operative nausea and vomiting (VDS) and the percentage of patient satisfaction after the surgery. (P=0.0001). Conclusions: Perianal block with bupivacaine in elective surgical hemorrhoidectomy effectively reduces postoperative pain.}, Keywords = {Perianal Block, Bupivacaine, Hemorrhoidectomy, Postoperative Pain}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {202-209}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5010-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5010-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Arbabi, Shahriar and Shirmohammadi, Mousa and Ebrahimsoltani, Alireza and Ziaeefard, Mophsen and Faiz, Sayedhamidreza and Goudarzi, Mehrdad and Najmi, Ehsanoallah}, title = {The effect of caudal anesthesia with bupivacaine and its mixture with midazolam or ketamine on postoperative pain control in children}, abstract ={Aim and Background: This clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of adding midazolam or S-Ketmine to caudal bupivacaine in order to prolong the postoperative analgesis duration. Methods and Materials: 60 children with ASA physical status I or II and scheduled for elective surgery below the umbilicus, were enrolled in this double blinded clinical trial. The patients were placed in three different groups . In the 1st group 1 ml/kg of 0.25% bupivacaine, in the 2nd group 1 ml/kg of 0.25% bupivacaine with 0.5 mg/kg ketamine, and in the 3rd group 1 ml/kg of 0.25% bupivacaine with 50 µg/kg midazolam were used. Findings: There were no differences between the groups in demographic and haemodynamic state, duration of surgery and anaesthesia, time to extubation or sedation score.The mean duration of postoperative analgesia were 19 h, 14.5 h, and 8 h in the 3rd, 2nd, and the 1st groups, respectively.Although there were more episodes of nausea and vomiting emergence reaction in the 2nd group, the difference did not seem significant. Conclusions: Addition of preservative-free S-Ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) or midazolam (50 µg/kg) to caudal bupivacaine provides significant prolongation of analgesia without producing significant negative side-effects.}, Keywords = {Caudal Analgesia, Bupivacaine, S-Ketamine, Midazolam}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {210-215}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5011-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5011-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Rahimzadeh, Poupak and Imani, Farnad and Faiz, Sayedhamidreza and Mohsenpour, Amirmohammad and Nasiri, Aliakbar}, title = {The effect of premedication with oral memantine on pain control after orthopedic surgery}, abstract ={Aim and Background: Memantine is one of NMDA receptor antagonists with a rapid onset and limited side effects its inhibitory effects on neuropathic pain has mentioned while using before nerve injury. Few studies were done on evaluating oral memantine effects on acute post-orthopedic surgery pain. Methods and Materials: In a double blind clinical trial, 60 patients with ASAI, II and upper limb fracture in two groups were enrolled in this study. After signing informed consent by the patients, 1 hour before surgery 20mg memantine prescribed for case group and control group received placebo. The patients received fentanyl and midazolam as premedication then anesthesia induction with propofol and cisatracurium performned. Maintenance of anesthesia was propofol and remifentanil. Pain score with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)and sedation score measured and recorded in recovery and 6,8,24,36 and48 hours later. Also total dose of opioid consumption and nausea and vomiting incidence was measured. Findings: No demographic differences exist between them. Pain score in recovery and 6, 24 hours later were lower in case group. Sedation score was significantly different in hour 24(P=0.04) Morphine dosage in case group was lower in recovery (P=0.01)Incidence of nausea and vomiting was not different between groups. Conclusions: Prescribing 20 mg memantine 1 hour before surgery, has been effective on pain reduction, also could decrease morphine demands in recovery.}, Keywords = {Memantine, postoperative pain, sedation score, pain score}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {216-222}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5013-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5013-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Alebouyeh, Mahmoudreza and Bastan-hagh, Ehsan and Imani, Farnad and Taghipour-anvari, Zahra and Entezari, Saeedreza and Asgarian-omran, Si}, title = {Post-rhinoplasty pain control: Intravenous apotel compared with oral oxycodone and acetaminophen codeine}, abstract ={Aim and Background: Acetaminophen, in both oral and intravenous forms (Apotel), is a safe drug in controlling mild to moderate pain. However, Opioids are still a part of routine plan. We compared the effectiveness of Apotel with oral acetaminophen codeine and oxycodone for postoperative pain control. Methods and Materials: In this single blind clinical control trial, 75 patients, being candidate for elective septorhinoplasty, were enrolled and divided into 3 groups. All groups received 1000 mg Apotel in the recovery room then the first group received 900/30 mg oral acetaminophen codeine after 6 hours QID , the second group received 10 mg oxycodone after 8 hours TDS and the third group received 1000 mg Apotel after 8 hours TDS. Findings: All three regimens resulted in a significant pain reduction and there was no significant difference in the pain score at different intervals however Systolic blood pressure and Diastolic Blood pressure showed significant reduction in the aceminophen codeine and oxycodone group. Conclusions: Considering the significant pain reduction in all the three groups, selection between the 3 regimens should be based on other factors.}, Keywords = {Acetaminophen, Apotel, Oxycodone, Pain, Septorhinoplasty}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {223-228}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5014-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5014-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Entezari, Saeedreza and Mohsenpour, Amirmohammad and Imani, Farnad and Alebouyeh, Mahmoudreza and Zafarghandi, Maryam}, title = {Supraclavicular block with sonography alone or combined with nerve-stimulation: Which one is more effective?}, abstract ={Aim and Background: Nerve stimulator and Sonography are both used for nerve localization and block, either alone or in combination. This study compares these methods regarding the speed of onset and quality of brachial pleuxus block in Supraclavicular area. Methods and Materials: In this double blind clinical trial, 30 patients with upper extremity fracture were recruited. They were divided into two groups. In the nerve stimulation group, block was performed with the plumb-bob approach, using nerve stimulator only. In the second group, block was done using nerve stimulatoin plus Sonography. After the procedure, the quality and onset of motor plus sensory block were recorded and analyzed. Findings: The patients had a mean age of 33/66±11/05 years. Regarding quality of motor block, the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (p=0/04), while no difference was found in sensory block quality. There was a significant statistical difference in the onset of motor block between the two groups (18/26±0/96 using Sonography and stimulatoin, and 22/4±/0/98 in the nerve stimulation group). Conclusions: Using nerve stimulation and ultrasonography together for Supraclavicular block, increases the quality and reduces the onset of block for upper extremity.}, Keywords = {Nerve Stimulator Device, Supraclavicular Block, Ultrasonography}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {229-234}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5015-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5015-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Moradi, Ahmad and Mosaffa, Faramarz and Davoudi, Maryam and Glinimoghaddam, Alirez}, title = {Comparison of single injection with multiple injections in ultrasonography-guided infraclavicular block in upper limp surgery}, abstract ={Aim and Background: Nowadays, ultrasound-guided infraclavicular block has led to impressive results in improving upper extremity anesthesia and patient satisfaction.The aim of this study was to compare the results of infraclavicular block as single injection versus multiple injectons in upper extremity surgery. Methods and Materials: In this randomized clinical trial, patients undergoing upper limb surgery were enrolled.After localizing the axillary artery under the guide of ultrasound 30 ml lidocaine (1.5%) was injected in the single injection group. In the multiple injections group, 10 ml lidocaine was injected in posterior, medial and latral position. Findings: The mean duration of procedure in single injection and multiple injections groups were 3.29 ± 1.21 minutes and 4.81 ± 1.90 minutes, respectively. The mean time to reach complete anesthesia, was not siginificantly different between the groups. In Single injection group, all patients achieved complete anesthesia after 15 minutes of injection. However partial anesthesia was observed in one case in the multiple injections group. Conclusions: Single injection ultrasound-guided infraclavicular block is a fast, simple and safe method of anesthesia for upper extremity surgery. Regarding its simplicity and effectiveness, this technique is preferred to multiple injections technique.}, Keywords = {Infraclavicular Regional Anesthesia, Single Injection, Multiple Injections}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {235-241}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5016-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5016-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Goudarzi, Mehrdad and Ebrahimsoltani, Alireza and Sadrosadat, sayedhossein and Rahimzadeh, Poupak and Ziaeefard, mohse}, title = {Effect of Single Dose Induction with Halothan on QT Interval in Children}, abstract ={Aim and Background: Rapid and Confident induction of anesthesia is a goal for the anesthesiologist. In the meanwhile, most of anesthetic drugs are not without complication. In this study we evaluated the effects of anesthesia induction with halothane by single breath on hemodynamic parameters in pediatric patients. Methods and Materials: In this study 50 children were enrolled. For induction of anesthesia the single breath method with 5% halothane and O2- N2O (30-70%) mixture was used. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were recorded before induction, 1 minute after induction, 1 minute after using muscle relaxant, and 3 minutes after intubation. The heart rate and QT interval were recorded by ECG. Findings: Halothane significantly prolonged the corrected QT (QTC) it caused a mild increase in heart rate which reduced again after using muscle relaxant. However, another heart rate elevation occurred three minutes after intubation.Blood pressure decreased after induction and even after intubation which was statistically significant. Conclusions: Halothane is an arrhythmogenic drug which can prolong QTC in pediatric patients. Moreover, our study shows that it can decrease blood pressure and heart rate at the same time.}, Keywords = {Induction of Anesthesia, Halothane, QT Interval, Electrocardiogram}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {242-247}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5017-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5017-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Farshihaghro, Alireza and amjadi, mohsen and Naghdisade, Nima and Safari, Saee}, title = {The effect of Low- Dose Aspirin on Blood Loss during Transurethral Prostatectomy}, abstract ={Aim and Background: Many of patients candidate for Transurethral Resection of Prostate (TURP) due to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), also suffer from cardiovascular diseases and are under medication with low dose aspirin (80 mg/daily). Aspirin withdrawal may result in acute cardiovascular syndrome, while its continuation may expose the patient to the risk of post-surgical excessive bleeding. There is not any guideline about whether to discontinue aspirin before TURP or not. This short communication aims to determine the impact of aspirin on intraoperative blood loss. Methods and Materials: A prospective study on 105 TURP candidates was designed, with 26 cases (24.8%) under aspirin medication and 79 cases (75.2%) not. Intra operative bleeding in two groups was compared together. Findings: There is no significant differences in intraoperative blood loss (P>0.05), hemoglobin concentration drop (P>0.05), hematocrit drop (P>0.05), time to urine clearance and blood transfusion between two groups. Blood loss does not have a significant correlation with type of anesthesia. Conclusions: Aspirin does not increase bleeding in TURP. As withdrawal of aspirin can lead to cardiovascular complications routinely aspirin discontinuation in these patients is not recommended.}, Keywords = {Aspirin; Transurethral Resection of Prostate; Bleeding; Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {248-252}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5018-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5018-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Espahbodi, Ebrahim}, title = {Intravenous Regional block with lidocaine and magnesium sulfate for below knee amputation in a high risk diabetic patient}, abstract ={Bier block anesthesia is an intravenous regional anesthesia technique in which an extremity is made numb for surgery by injecting a local anesthetic solution into a vein after the blood has been squeezed out of the extremity and a tourniquet has been placed on it. The tourniquet prevents the local anesthetic from leaving the extremity and blood from entering it, giving the patient a numb (anesthetic) extremity and the surgeon a bloodless field to work in. The technique is named for August Bier. The advantages of the technique is that it is simple to perform, and provides a bloodless field that is easy to work in and minimizes blood loss. The disadvantages are that there is a practical time limit on its use of about 1 hour due to tolerance of the awake patient for the pain of the tourniquet and 2 hours due to the maximum time blood flow can be restricted to the extremity without anoxic tissue damage. In this case we performed bier block in a high risk diabetic patient for below knee amputation. We added mg sulfate as an adjuvant drug in order to improve block quality and to prolong patient analgesia.}, Keywords = {Bier Block, BKA}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {253-256}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5019-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5019-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Amrimaleh, Parviz and Alijanpour, Ebrahim and Zabihi, Ali and Attarzadeh, Hasan and Shirkhani, Ziba and Rezaee, Bahareh and Rezaee, Benafsheh}, title = {Comparison of Analgesic Effect of Intravenous Paracetamol plus Meperidine and Meperedine alone on Postoperative Pain after Elective Cesarean}, abstract ={ Aim and Background: Effective postoperative pain control is very important. Paracetamol is a non-opioid analgesic drug with less side effects. At this study, we compare analgesic effect of paracetamol plus meperidine and meperidine alone on postoperative cesarean. Methods and Materials: This double blind randomized clinical trial was conducted on 70 pregnant undergoing elective cesarean section under Spinal Anesthesia . They were randomly divided into two equal groups. The first group received 1g intravenous Paracetamol, and the 2nd group received 25 mg intravenous meperidine15 minutes before the end of operation. The first group received infusion of 100 ml (1gr) paracetamol and the 2nd group received 100 ml normal saline at 6,12 and 18 hours after the end of operation. Patients’ pain assessment based on Visul Analogue Scales was done every 2 hour for 6 hours and then every 6 hour till 24 hours and recorded. When the patients’ VAS was more than 3, Meperidine (25 mg) was administrated. Time to first Meperidine injection after operation and the amount of meperedine was recorded. Findings: Time to the first Meperidine injection after operation was hours in Meperidine group and hours in Paracetamol group(p=0.005).Number of injections and total Meperidine dose in Paracetamol group was significantly lower than another group(p<0.001). Conclusions: Paracetamol has a powerful analgesic effect on post cesarean section pain and reduced total dose of Meperedin significantly.}, Keywords = { Cesarean Section, Post operative Pain, Meperidine, Paracetamol}, volume = {4}, Number = {3}, pages = {1-7}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5049-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5049-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Rabiee, Mozaffar and Nickbakhsh, Novin and Alijanpour, Ebrahim and Amri, Parviz and Taheri, Mehr}, title = {Comparison of Intrapleural Bupivacaine Versus Cryoanalgesia on the}, abstract ={Aim and Background:Thoracotomy is one of the most painful operations and many attempts have been done to provide analgesia after surgery to make convenience for the patient and prevent from major complications too. Intercostal cryoanalgesia, local anesthetic drugs administration through intrapleural catheter, intravenous or epidural opioid administration are some applied methods. In this study there is a comparison in level of analgesia after thoracotomy between intrapleural bupivacaine and cryoanalgesia, and also the influence of these 2 methods on prevention of FEV1 and FVC reduction is investigated. Methods and Materials: This clinical trial study was performed on 50 patients in ASA Class I, II which were among 20 to 70 years old and candidate for elective thoracotomy and divided into 2 groups randomly(each groups were consisted of 25 patients). In the first group, 40ml 0.25 percent bupivacaine was administered per each 6h through intrapleural at the end of surgery. In the second group, at the end of operation cryoanalgesia was performed to intercostals nerves, at the level of incision, 2 cranial and 2 caudal. Pain score of the patients was recorded during 24 hours post operation on the base of visual analogue score(VAS). If the patient is needed more analgesia, 30mg intravenous meperidine was administrated and it was recorded. Every patient underwent spirometery before surgery and also 48h and one week post operation. The data was analyzed by spss software and T-test and Mann-whitney test at the end. The difference between data on every point with p<0.05 considered significant. Findings: There was a significant difference between the two groups in meperidine requirements(P=0/033). But there was no significant difference in post operation pain score and rate of improvement in FEV1 and FVC between 2 groups. Also there was no significant difference between two groups in rate of FVC and FEV1 depended on the type of operation. Conclusions: Our study showed that rate of meperidine requirements for supplementary analgesia in intrapleural bupivacaine group is less than cryoanalgesia group. But there is no significant difference between groups in pain score and of FEV1 and FVC, and it is not possible to make an assessment because of sample insufficiency and it is needed to be more investigated. }, Keywords = {Bupivacaine, Intrapleural, Cryoanalgesia, Thoracotomy, spirometry. }, volume = {4}, Number = {3}, pages = {8-14}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5051-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5051-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Rahimzadeh, Poupak and Imani, Farnad and Alimian, Mahzad and Behzadi, Behzad and Faiz, Seyed-Hamid-Rez}, title = {Comparison between ketamine and acetaminophen administered at the end of anesthesia for pain management after hysterectomy}, abstract ={Aim and Background: Abdominal surgeries are usually very painful post-operatively for the patients consequently pain control would lead to a more rapid recovery period in patient and it would lower the complication rate.Nowadays intravenous Acetaminophen is one of the most prevalent drugs used in operating rooms to control pain.Ketamine also is an anesthetic drug, being a reasonable analgesic agent.This double blinded RCT has been done to compare the analgesic effect of paracetamol in comparison with ketamine on postoperative pain control after hysterectomy.Methods and Materials:Our patients were randomly allocated into two groups, according to the inclusion-exclusion criteria. The first group(40 patients) recieved 1 gram IV paracetamol and the second group (40 patients) recieved 0.15 mg per kg ketamine instead. The changes in blood pressure, heart rate, pain based on visual analogue score, and also the sedation Ramsay score were all evaluated at 4,6,12, and 24 hours after the operation. Moreover, nausea-vomiting and the amount of consumed analgesics were recorded and compared between the two groupsFindings: According to our findings, the VAS scoreand the total analgesic use were both significantly less in the Acetaminophen group in comparison with the ketamine group. However there was no significant difference found in regards to sedation score, nausea-vomiting, and respiratory problems. (p> 0.05)Conclusions: Prescribing paracetamol at the end of abdominal hysterectomy is significantly more effective for pain control than intravenous ketamine.}, Keywords = {Acetaminophen, abdominal hysterectomy, ketamine, post-operative analgesia}, volume = {4}, Number = {3}, pages = {15-24}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5050-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5050-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Masumian, Samira and Shairi, Mohammad Reza and Hashemi, Masou}, title = {The Effect of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on Quality of Life of the Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain}, abstract ={Aim and Background: The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of (Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction) MBSR on quality of life in patients with Chronic Low back Pain (CLBP). Materials and Methods: This research was conducted by using semi- experimental study with pretest-posttest design, using control group. So, from Patients with chronic back pain who appointed the Pain clinics in Tehran, 18 patients were selected and randomly allocated into two equal experimental and control groups. The Short Form Health Survy (sf 36) questionnaire was completed by subjects before and after the intervention.Findings: The results of this research using Mann-Whitney Test showed that the mean Quality of Life in experimental group had increased significantly in comparison with the control group.Conclusions: According to our findings, the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Therapy leads to improvement of Quality of Life and use of coping strategie with pain in patients with chronic low back pain(CLBP).}, Keywords = {Back Pain, Quality of Life, Stress .}, volume = {4}, Number = {3}, pages = {25-37}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5053-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5053-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Abbasian, Sadegh and AttarzadehHosseine, Seyyed Reza and Moazami, Mahtab}, title = {Evoking of Hypoalgesia effect after of 20 exercise sessions with controlled intensity simultaneous to the Methadone in the addicts}, abstract ={Aim and Background: Pain is one of the factors that produce after of decrease or opiates stop. The purpose of this study was to determination the effect of exercise training on evoking of Hypoalgesia effect subsequent of increased BEND levels in the addicts.Methods and Materials: In this study, 20 male addicts (20-33 years old) were selected after public call and divided into drug supplement (N=10) and exercise -drug supplement (N=10) groups. The first group was performed exercise training to intensity of 70-75 percent of VO2max for twenty sessions (5 sessions per week and for 45 to 55 minutes in each session). They also was consumption 10 milligrams Methadone. The second group only was consumption 10 milligrams methadone daily. After it we survey β- Endorphin levels and hypoalgesia due to mechanical pain and pain due to decrease and increase of temperature. Findings: Statistic analysis was shown that the amounts of BEND significantly increase in both groups (P<0.05). Also, the first group significantly enhanced status of hypoalgesia in all of painful stimulus (P<0.05). Conclusions: Presumably method of exercise-drug supplement is better for decrease and management of pain in addicts.}, Keywords = {Analgesia, Mechanical Hyperalgesia, Physical Pain, Thermal Hyperalgesia .}, volume = {4}, Number = {3}, pages = {38-46}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5055-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5055-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Gousheh, Seyed Mohammad Reza and Tayaraniannoorani, Hengameh and pipelzadeh, Mohammad Reza and Behaeen, Kaveh and Olapure, Alirez}, title = {The effect of low-dose remifentanil on responses to the endotracheal tube during emergence from general anesthesia}, abstract ={Aim and Background: Emergence from general anesthesia can be associated with coughing, agitation, and hemodynamic disturbances. Remifentanil may attenuate these response, so we examined the effects of maintaining a remifentanil infusion in the recovery room, on recovery profiles such as coughing and cardiovascular responses after general anesthesia.Methods and Materials:In a prospective, double-blinded, randomized trial, we enrolled 60 adult patients undergoing nasal surgery with remifentanil-based anesthesia. During the emergence phase, the infusion rate of remifentanil was reduced to 0.02 micro/kg/min in treatment group 1 and to 0.05 micro/kg/min in treatment group 2, whereas in the control group remifentail was discontinued and placebo was started instead.Findings: During emergence, both of the treatment groups had a significantly lower incidence and severity of coughing and slower heart rate. The mean systolic blood pressure (MAP) in the treatment group 2 was significantly lower compared with the other groups, but the awakening or extubation time was prolonged in this group, whereas time interval to awakening and tracheal extubation was similar between the control group and treatment group 1.Conclusions:Maintaining a low-dose remifentanil infusion during emergence did not prolong awakening but reduced heart rate and the incidence and severity of coughing due to the endotracheal tube, whereas high-dose remifentanil infusion reduced the hemodynamic changes and coughing associated with tracheal extubation while significantly delaying the extubation time.}, Keywords = {Remifentanil , Emergence , Tracheal tube , Hemdynamic changes.}, volume = {4}, Number = {3}, pages = {46-72}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5058-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5058-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Shahi, Shima and ForuzeshFard, Mohammad and Sadeghi, Mostafa and Shoeibi, Git}, title = {The incidence of awareness during general anesthesia}, abstract ={Aim and Background:Awareness during anesthesia is recalling the events that occurred during general anesthesia and surgery. The experience of awareness is emotional trauma that causes a painful and exhausting emotional, and post-traumatic stress. The goal of this study is assesing the incidence of awareness during general anesthesia in patients undergoing surgery at a universitial hospital.Methods and Materials: This was a descriptive study performed in a university hospital affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. 700 patients more than 18 years old, in good physical condition and cooperative who were able to speak in Persian were enrolled. The participants were interviewed 24 hours after general anesthesia and surgery using a standardized questionnaire. Findings: A total of 18 patients (2.6%) recalled some events between sleeping and waking. 59 (8.5%) had seen dreams, 19 (2.7%) had felt pain and 23 patients (3.4%) had hearing experiences. The only significant correlation between hearing awareness and location of operation, dreams and weight were obtained. Conclusions: The incidence of awareness during general anesthesia in this study is more than reports from other countries.}, Keywords = {Awareness , anesthesia , recall , General anesthesia , Surgery .}, volume = {4}, Number = {3}, pages = {47-54}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5057-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5057-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Mardanihamooleh, Marjan and Borimnejad, Laila and Seyedfatemi, Naimeh and Tahmasebi, Mamak}, title = {Palliative care of pain in cancer: Content analysis}, abstract ={ Aim and Background : Cancer patients require palliative care for reduction of their pain. The purpose of this study was identifying perception of nurses from palliative care of pain in cancer. Methods and Materials : This study done with qualitative approach and using content analysis method. In this study, 15 nurses were selected through purposive sampling and face- to- face interviewed with semi structured interview. After data collection, all interviews were transcribed and reviewed and categories extracted. At first, similarity in meanings were reviewed and based on centralization arranged in a sub- category. Then with reviewing again relevant sub- categories arranged in a category. Findings :  In general, original categories in the palliative care of pain in cancer context encompass palliation of physical pain and palliation of psychological pain. Palliation of physical pain has 2 sub- categories consist of providing to mental readiness and pain palliation with drug administration. Also psychological pain has 2 sub- categories consist of supportive behavior and stress reduction. Conclusions: Content analysis of palliative care of pain in cancer revealed the required conditions for palliative care of pain in cancer based on perception of nurses.  }, Keywords = {Cancer, Content analysis , Pain , Palliative care }, volume = {4}, Number = {3}, pages = {55-63}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5060-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5060-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Amrimaleh, Parviz}, title = {Spinal anesthesia with bupivacain for emergency cesarean section in a patient with Becker Muscle Dystrophy}, abstract ={Aim and Background: Becker’s muscular dystrophy (BMD) is similar to the Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, but the clinical course is milder.We introduced a patient with Becker Muscle Dystrophy who candidate for emergency cesarean section.Case report:A36-year-old woman, gestational age 31 weeks, with a history of Becker Muscle Dystrophy and fetal distress who candidate for emergency cesarean section. Spinal anesthesia was performed with bupivacaine 12 mg. During operation non-invasive ventilation with CPAP = 10cmH2O was started due to reduced arterial oxygen saturation. Blood pressure and heart rate did not significantly change during the surgery and recovery.Conclusions:We recommend spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine for cesarean section in a patient with Becker muscular dystrophy.}, Keywords = {Spinal anesthesia , Bupivacaine , Becker muscle dystrophy .}, volume = {4}, Number = {3}, pages = {73-76}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5061-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5061-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Khaleghipour, Mostaf}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {3}, pages = {77-108}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5065-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5065-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {}, title = {winter Journal}, abstract ={winter Journal}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5105-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5105-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-2}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5086-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5086-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Robabi, Hassan and Navidian, Ali and Kermansaravi, Fathieh}, title = {The effect of injection order on infant\'s pain response after diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DTP) and hepatitis B vaccination}, abstract ={Aims and Background: The most common invasive painful procedure during childhood is injective vaccination. Failure to relieve pain causes lack of timely referral for immunization and reduction of vaccine coverage. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of injection order on infant's pain response after diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DTP) and hepatitis B vaccination. Methods and Materials: In this single-blind clinical trial study, 140 healthy infants with inclusion criteria at the age of 2 months referred to health centers of Zahedan city, Iran, during 2012 were randomly divided into two groups of control and intervention. In the control group, first the DTP vaccine and later, the hepatitis B vaccine were injected and in the intervention group, the order was vice versa. Using the Modified Behavioral Pain Scale (MBPS) and a demographic information checklist, the infant's pain response was evaluated. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and independent t-test via SPSS15 software. Findings: The mean pain score after injecting hepatitis B vaccine was significantly less in the intervention group (7.12 ± 0.91) than injecting DTP vaccine in the control group (7.70 ± 0.62) (P = 0.001). The mean total pain score was significantly lower in the intervention group (7.59 ± 0.83) compared with the control group (8.27 ± 0.62) (P = 0.010). Conclusion: According to results of this study, to decrease pain during multiple immunizations in infants, injecting hepatitis B vaccine first and then, the DTP vaccine could be done.}, Keywords = {Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DTP) vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine, pain, infants}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {3-10}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5085-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5085-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Sami, Saadi and Hakimi, Mehdi and Ali-Mohammadi, Maryam and Karimiyani, Naseh}, title = {Comparing the effects of hydrotherapy, relaxation and McKenzie exercise on improvement of chronic low back pain in athletes}, abstract ={Aim and Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of hydrotherapy, relaxation and McKenzie exercise on improvement of chronic low back pain in athletes.  Methods and Materials: The athletes with chronic low back pain formed our statistical research society .Forty subjects aged 32.25±3.6 years were selected purposefully from sport fields such as Track and Field, Badminton, Wrestling, Volleyball and Weightlifting at the professional level with more than six month history of low back pain. Subjects were randomly divided into four groups (hydrotherapy, relaxation, McKenzie program and control). The protocol consisted of training for 8 weeks, three days a week and each session was about an hour. We used McGill Pain Questionnaire, and Oswestry disability index for evaluation.  Findings: The results of this study showed that the studied methods significantly (P<0.05) decreased the pain in athletes, and improved their performance compared to the pre-test state and the control group but no significant difference between the groups and their effectiveness level was found.  Conclusion: The treatment methods used in this study are useful to improve the back pain and to decrease weakness and disability with no significant difference between their effectiveness.}, Keywords = {Athletes, Low back pain, McKenzie training, Relaxation}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {11-21}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5088-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5088-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Mahoori, Alireza and Hassani, Ebrahim and Motarjemizadeh, Ghader and Mojtahedi, Shahrz}, title = {The Effect of Intravenous Lidocaine on Postoperative Pain, Sedation and Nausea & Vomiting after Strabismus Surgery}, abstract ={Aim and Background: The analgesic effect of perioperative low doses of intravenous lidocaine has been demonstrated in some studies. Sodium channel blockers are approved for IV administration in the treatment of neuropathic pain states. Our objective in this study was to determine the analgesic, antiemetic and sedative effect of perioperative lidocaine administration in strabismus surgery.Methods and Materials: In a randomized and double blinded clinical trial, forty patients undergoing strabismus surgery were evaluated. Twenty patients received lidocaine (bolus injection of 1.5 mg/kg) at the end of operation, before tracheal extubation and 20 patients received saline as placebo. Postoperative pain scorr, pethidine requirement, nausea -vomiting and sedation were assessed in the recovery room. Findings: Patients who received lidocaine reported less pain and needed less pethidine during their recovery state. There were also fewer incidences of nausea and vomiting in the lidocaine group. Patients in the lidocaine group were more sedated than the ones in the control group. Conclusions: Intravenous lidocaine has analgesic activity, besides its preventing effect on nausea and vomiting after strabismus surgery.}, Keywords = {Lidocaine, Postoperative pain, Vomiting, Nausea, Strabismus }, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {22-27}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5084-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5084-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Valizadeh-Hassanvali, Mohammad-Amin and Mahouri, Ali-Reza and Adeli, Seyed -Hassan and Nazarbaghi, Sorena and Jadidi, Sahar}, title = {Prevalence of unplanned extubation in patients admitted to intensive care unit of Urmia Imam Khomeini hospital}, abstract ={Aim and background : One of the problems that may occur in Intensive care units is unplanned extubation, which has major potential for complications and mortality and is an important complication of endotracheal intubation. Methods and Materials : This prospective analytical study was performed on 150 patients admitted to intensive care unit at Urmia Imam Khomeini hospital who all needed mechanical ventilation. Among them 123 patients were intubated and 27 patients had tracheostomy. Their total days of intubation were calculated and all the unplanned extubations were registered. Then the ratio of this event to the total days of intubation was measured.  Findings : From 150 patients, 10% suffered from unplanned extubation with a prevalence of 1.34%) during 1114 days of Intubation). The mean time of intubation was 25.13±5.93 days and the mean time of mechanical ventilation was 24.20±5.94 days. Among other patient groups, these figures were 13.10 ±1.48 and 12.76±7.42 days, respectively. The measured figures for unplanned extubation were statistically significant compared with other groups, when t- test was used (P= 0.01).  Conclusion: The f requency of unplanned extubation at intensive care units of Urmia Emam Khomeini hospital is similar to other centers according to the similar studies which have been performed.}, Keywords = {Endotracheal intubation, Mechanical ventilation, unplanned extubation, Intensive Care Unit }, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {28-34}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5089-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5089-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Emami, Seyyed Ali and Ganji, Masoud and Espahbodi, Ebrahim}, title = {The analgesic effect of adding lidocaine to irrigation solution in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy}, abstract ={Aim and background: Our goal to perform this study was to evaluate the effect of adding lidocaine to the irrigation solution during knee arthroscopy on decreasing patient's degree of pain. Methods and materials: This was a randomized double blind study, in which 41 patients were enrolled in each group. In the control group, the irrigation solution in arthroscopy was just normal saline without any adjuvant. However in our cases, the solution contained 0.5 mg per ml lidocaine. The patients were compared according to their degree of pain and opioid request in the ward up to 6 hours thereafter. Findings: The visual analogue pain scale showed that the score of pain was significantly decreased in the case group in comparison with the control one. Moreover, the patients in the case group had significantly less request for opioids after arthroscopy. Conclusions: Adding lidocaine to the irrigation solution in knee arthroscopy could be an effective method to lower the degree of pain in patients.}, Keywords = {knee arthroscopy, lidocaine, irrigation solution, visual analogue scale}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {35-40}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5090-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5090-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Yasemi, Masood and Hemmati, Karim and Khodadadi, Issa and Yasemi, Mohammad-Rasoul}, title = {Prognosis Evaluation in Hospitalized ICU Patients According to APACHE II}, abstract ={Aim and Background: The estimation systems of mortality based on severity of disease are increasingly popularin the last 20 years, especially in the field of medical care. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prognosis ofhospitalized ICU patients according to Apache 2 scoring system in educational hospitals in Ilam city during 2013.Methods and Materials: In order to perform this prospective and analytic study, 150 patients admitted to theICU ward of Imam and Mustafa Khomeini hospitals, were evaluated during 2013. A questionnaire that includeddemographic information and the Apache 2 criteria was completed for each patient and finally all of the data wereanalyzed by using statistical methods (SPSS software).Findings: The mean age of patients was 47.56 ±2. 103 patients (68.7%) were male, and overall the mean Apache2 score was 13.54 and was higher in women (16.6 VS 12.1) as well as the mean. 27.4% of patients died. Theobserved mortality rate was higher than the predicted mortality (12.7). Area under the ROC curve (AUC) of theApache 2 model was 70% for the study.Conclusions: Generally, the Apache 2 system has a good discrimination power, but for good calibration of themodel regarding mortality prediction, more studies are recommended.}, Keywords = {APACHE II, ICU, Mortality}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {41-51}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5091-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5091-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Assessment of nurses\' attitude towards pain control in patients after elective abdominal surgery: A study in training centers - hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in 2012}, abstract ={  Aims and Background: Identifying and relieving pain is one of the main responsibilities of nurses in the surgical wards. So in order to move toward higher quality care and to improve the performance of nurses in surgical wards , more information is needed on the current status of pain management in hospitals. Therefore , this study was performed to assess pain management qualification of nurses in teaching hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences during 2012.   Methods and Materials: In this study , using convenience sampling 100 patients were enrolled. F ollow-up and evaluation of the patients' pain were done every 6 hours. To assess pain Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was used .   The Data collected included demographic characteristics, chart, pulse rate, and blood pressure of the patients. The VAS score in six consecutive hours, and questions regarding pain management were asked by the nurses. The information gathered was recorded in sheets by nurses according to a PRN order (whenever the surgeon ordered to have painkillers if needed).   Findings: According to our findings , in general, pain evaluation and management were not appropriately done by the nurses .   Conclusion: It seems necessary that there is a need to improve the quality of pain management in the medical centers, and the nurses should be trained and has sufficient authority to prescribe analgesics whenever r equired.}, Keywords = {Nurses, Pain Management, Acute Pain }, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {52-59}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5092-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5092-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Farzam, Hossein and Setaieshi, Kkosro and MohhamadBeigi, Faramarz and Jalalvandi, Fereshteh and Almasi, Afshi}, title = {The effect of adding tramadol to subfascial bupivacaine on postopertaive pain after inguinal hernia repair}, abstract ={Aims and Background: Acute pain after operation is one of the common side effects. Prescription of systemic analgesics and narcotics has however also various side effects therefore, a more appropriate method is the creation of local pain relief, and it is desirable to provide better and longer-lasting analgesia by the infusion of lower doses of drugs. This study compared the effects of adding tramadol to subfascial space with systemic injection of bupivacaine on pain after hernia repair surgery.Methods and Materials: In this randomized Single Blind study, 90 patients, candidate for one-way inguinal hernia repair, were divided into three groups. In the first group, bupivacaine and tramadol, in the second group bupivacaine and normal saline were injected below the fascia of external oblique muscle at the end of the operation and the third group received intramuscular tramadol at the mentioned location in addition to bupivacaine and normal saline. After operation, patients were compared in terms of pain intensity, nausea, vomiting, and need for analgesic. Data analysis was done by use of SPSS 20 software.Findings: The dynamic pain intensity in group 1 was lower than group 2 within 4 hours after operation. Moreover, within 8 hours after operation, the dynamic and static pain intensities in group 1 were lower than the other groups. No significant difference was observed between groups in terms of Nausea and vomiting (p=0.11). Besides, no significant difference was observed between the three groups in terms of need for analgesia and consciousness level.Conclusion: Tramadol addition to bupivacaine reduces postoperative pain in hernia surgery without being associated with any additional side effect such as nausea, vomiting, and loss of consciousness.}, Keywords = {Bupivacaine, Tramadol, Static and Dynamic Pain, Nausea and Vomiting}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {60-66}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5093-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5093-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Bameshki, Seyyed Ali-reza and Sheybani, Shima and Sharifian, Maji}, title = {Pneumothorax and Pneumoperitoneum following Tracheostomy: A Case Report}, abstract ={Aim and Background: Percutaneous tracheostomy, a common surgical procedure in the field of otolaryngology, is associated with complications, such as bleeding, infection, subcutaneous emphysema, pneumothorax, recurrent laryngeal nerve injury and tracheal ring fracture. However, the incidence of pneumothorax and pneumoperitoneum in a single individual is rare.  Case report: A 70-year-old woman was scheduled to undergo an urgent tracheostomy with dyspnea and severe respiratory distress due to incomplete superior airway obstruction following relapse of medulary thyroid cancer. Approximately two minutes after insertion of the tracheostomy tube, her blood pressure and O2 saturation decreased but airway pressure increased. Physical examinations revealed decreased bilateral breath sounds and diffuse expansion of the abdomen. Immediately an orotracheal tube was inserted up to 10 cm through the orifice of tracheostomy into the trachea. After puncture of the chest and abdomen the air was evacuated and the patient was discharged from ICU after 2 days hospitalization without any adverse event. The proposed mechanisms include: complications related to lack of proper placement of tracheostomy tube due to tumor location, tube dislocation, and barotrauma .Rupture of alveolar walls or bronchial and bronchioles lead to air leakage into the pleural cavity and can cause pneumothorax. Although the thoracic and peritoneal cavities are separated by the diaphragm, they may communicate through congenital defects, such as a pleuroperitoneal canal or defects adjacent to the aorta or esophagus. Conclusions : Performing tracheostomy, especially in patients with a cervical mass, can be associated with serious and life-threatening events. Attention to the risk of these complications and prompt treatment would reduce the mortality and morbidity rate.}, Keywords = {Pneumothorax, Pneumoperitoneum, Tracheotomy}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {67-72}, publisher = { Iranian Society Of Regional Anesthesia And Pain Medicine}, url = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5094-en.html}, eprint = {http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5094-en.pdf}, journal = {Anesthesiology and Pain}, issn = {2228-6659}, eissn = {2322-3324}, year = {2014} }